A1 is a steak sauce and condiment for use with meat or game dishes. Rock musician and singer Meat Loaf is the current spokesman for the steak sauce, appearing in TV commercials for the product, to promote its new slogan: “A1 – Makes beef sing.” In his commercial for the product, the slogan is “Makes Meat Loaf sing.”

Meatloaf is a meat dish consisting of ground meat (usually ground beef or a combination of ground beef and lamb, or pork), which is formed into a loaf shape and baked or smoked. The loaf shape is formed by either cooking it in a loaf pan, or forming it by hand on a flat baking pan.

Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 27, 1947), better known by his stage names Meat Loaf and Meat Loaf Aday, is an American rock musician and actor.

The Frosty is the signature frozen dairy dessert of Wendy’s fast-food restaurants.

The word posse has come to be used colloquially to refer to various teams, cliques, or gangs, often in pursuit of a crime suspect (on horseback in the Westerns), sometimes without legal authority.

A Boy band refers to a type of pop group featuring several young male singers. The members are generally expected to perform as dancers as well, often executing highly choreographed sequences to their own music

Flea Market Montgomery is a 73,000 square-foot flea market in Montgomery, Alabama,in the united States which advertises itself as being “just like a mini-mall”. The market is owned by local businessman Sammy Stephens. The flea market gained fame in early 2007 thanks to a music video advertisement produced by owner Sammy Stephens and his subsequent appearances on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.

A strip mall (also called a shopping plaza or mini-mall) is an open area shopping center where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front.

Lemonade is a lemon-flavored soft drink. In Germany, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand the term mainly refers to a colourless, carbonated, sweet soft drink containing either natural or artificial lemon flavor, such as Schweppes Lemonade. 7 Up and Sprite are similar but are lemon-lime flavoured and so arguably not lemonade.

R. White’s Lemonade is a brand of a carbonated soft drink, which is produced and sold in the UK by Britvic. In 1973 the popular Secret Lemonade Drinker advertising campaign was launched, devised by Rod Allen who wrote the slogan. The adverts featured the actor Julian Chagrin, dubbed with the voice of Ross MacManus (father of Elvis Costello). MacManus wrote the song, with his son providing the backing vocals.

Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. It is used as a spread and a condiment, as well as in cooking applications such as baking, sauce making, and frying. Butter consists of butterfat, water and milk proteins.

John Joseph Lydon (born 31 January 1956 in London, England), also known as Johnny Rotten, is a British rock musician and lyricist, best known as the lead vocalist of the punk rock group Sex Pistols during the 1970s and 2000s, and also as the vocalist of post punk group Public Image Ltd in the 1980s and 1990s. In September 2008, it was announced that Lydon would appear in an advert for Country Life, a popular brand of butter, in a move Lydon was widely mocked for.

Hallmark Cards is a privately owned American company based in Kansas City, Missouri. Founded in 1910 by Joyce C. Hall, Hallmark is the largest manufacturer of greeting cards in the United States.

Father’s Day is a celebration inaugurated in the early twentieth century to complement Mother’s Day in celebrating fatherhood and male parenting, and to honor and commemorate fathers and forefathers.

[Hammer's] second album, 1990′s Please Hammer Don’t Hurt ‘Em, included the smash single “U Can’t Touch This”, which sampled Rick James’ 1981 hit “Super Freak”. Interestingly, despite heavy airplay, “U Can’t Touch This” stopped at #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart due to the fact that it was released only as a twelve-inch single.

Burt Bacharach is an award-winning American pianist and composer. He is best known for his many pop hits from 1962-70, with lyrics written by Hal David, many of which were recorded by Dionne Warwick. As of 2006, Bacharach had written a total of 70 Top 40 hits in the US, and 52 Top 40 hits in the UK. In late 2006, Burt Bacharach appeared as the celebrity in a Geico auto insurance commercial, where he sings and plays the piano. He translates the customer’s story through song (“I was hit. ..in the rear!”).

There are also GEICO ads that feature stories from GEICO customers about situations in which Geico assisted them, but narrated by celebrities such as Charo, Burt Bacharach, Little Richard, Don LaFontaine, Peter Graves, and Verne Troyer. D.C. Douglas was also featured.

Jollibee Foods Corporation widely known as Jollibee is a fast-food restaurant chain based in the Philippines. It is an American-style fast-food restaurant with Filipino-influenced dishes specializing in chicken, burgers, spaghetti and some local Filipino dishes.

Chili con carne (often known simply as chili) is a spicy stew-like dish. The essential ingredients are chili peppers and meat. Variations, either geographic or by personal preference, often include tomatoes, onions, garlic, cumin, beans, and other ingredients. The name “chili con carne” is a slight corruption of the Spanish chile con carne, which means peppers with meat

Sarah Asher Tua Geronimo (born July 25, 1988) is a Filipina singer and actress. She is the grand winner of the Philippine reality show Star for a Night (2003).

Pepsi and other similar products contain large amounts of sugar. Excessive sugar intake is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of certain types of diabetes.

[MC] Hammer also began the trend of rap artists being accepted as mainstream pitchmen. Prior to Hammer, it was virtually unheard of for a hip-hop artist to be seen in a major commercial spot. Hammer appeared in major marketing campaigns for companies such as Pepsi and Taco Bell to the point that he was criticized as a “sell-out”.

“Feelings” is a song by Morris Albert, first recorded by him as the title track of his 1975 debut album. The song’s lyrics, recognizable by their “woah woah woah” chorus, concern the singer’s inability to “forget my feelings of love.” Albert’s original recording of the song was very successful, reaching the Top 10 in both the pop and Adult Contemporary charts in America and performing well internationally.

Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson’s Virgin Group (51%) and Singapore Airlines (49%). It operates long-haul routes between the United Kingdom and North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia from its main bases at London Heathrow and London Gatwick.

Same-sex marriage is a term for a governmentally, socially, or religiously recognized marriage in which two people of the same sex live together as a family. Other terms for this type of relationship include “gay marriage”, “gender-neutral marriage,” “equal marriage,” “lesbian marriage,” “same-sex civil marriage”, “marriage equality”, “homosexual marriage,” “single-sex marriage”, “same-gender marriage” or just simply “marriage”.

“How Deep Is Your Love” is a song recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977. Originally intended for Yvonne Elliman, it was ultimately used as part of the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever. It was a number three hit in the UK. In the U.S., it topped the Billboard Hot 100 on December 24, 1977 and stayed in the Top-10 for a then-record 17 weeks.

Wendy’s was founded by Dave Thomas in 1969 and was named after Dave’s second daughter, Melinda Lou Thomas, then eight years old, whom her older siblings nicknamed “Wendy” (originally “Winda”, stemming from the child’s initial difficulty saying her own name), as Thomas stated in his A&E Biography show.

In comparison with other chili peppers, the jalapeño has a heat level that varies from mild to hot depending on cultivation and preparation.

“Making Love Out of Nothing At All” is a song written and composed by Jim Steinman and has been released by Air Supply and Bonnie Tyler. There have also been numerous other versions that have not been as commercially successful.

GEICO was founded by Leo Goodwin and his wife Lillian Goodwin in 1936 to market auto insurance directly to federal government employees and their families. Goodwin was inducted into the Insurance Hall of Fame due to the success of the company.

Gladys Knight & the Pips were an R&B/soul musical act from Atlanta, Georgia, active from 1953 to 1989. Best known for their string of hit singles from 1967 to 1975, including “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” (1967) and “Midnight Train to Georgia” (1973). The longest-lived incarnation of the act featured Gladys Knight on lead vocals, with The Pips, who included her brother Merald “Bubba” Knight and their cousins Edward Patten and William Guest, as backup singers. As of 2007, the Pips appeared in a commercial for auto insurance company Geico.

In May 2006, in promotion of the Texas Double Whopper, Burger King released a campaign called the “Manthem” which parodies Helen Reddy’s I Am Woman. It depicts a man and his girlfriend at a fancy restaurant. Disappointed by the meager portions he is served, the man bursts into song, expressing his desire for a Texas Double Whopper, in place of what he deems “chick food.”

“I Am Woman” is a song cowritten by Helen Reddy and singer/songwriter/guitarist Ray Burton and performed by Reddy. Released in its most well-known version in 1972, the song became an enduring anthem for the women’s liberation movement.

Lay’s is the brand name for a number of potato chip varieties as well as the name of the company that founded the chip brand in 1938. Lay’s chips are marketed as a division of Frito-Lay, a company owned by PepsiCo Inc. since 1965.

[MC] Hammer recently performed a self-parody role in a television ad for Lay’s potato chips. Some kids lose their baseball over the fence of a neighbor apparently infamous for not returning lost toys, so they throw him a bag of chips to appease him. He throws back their ball, their dog, a car belonging to one kid’s dad, and MC Hammer, still dressed in golden sparkle shirt and parachute pants. MC Hammer instantly breaks into the chorus of “U Can’t Touch This.” The kids then toss Hammer back over the fence.

Darius Rucker (born May 13, 1966 in Charleston, South Carolina) is the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the band Hootie & the Blowfish. In March 2005, Rucker portrayed a singing cowboy in a Burger King commercial for the Tendercrisp Bacon Cheddar Ranch sandwich. While humorous in tone, the ad showcases Rucker’s love of country music. The song sung in the commercial was a parody of “Big Rock Candy Mountain”.

The TenderCrisp is a chicken sandwich sold by the international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King. It is one of their larger, adult oriented products made with higher quality ingredients than their “standard” menu items.

Je suis fou de Chocolate Lanvin!
I’m crazy over Lavin Chocolate!

Much of the chocolate consumed today is made into bars that combine cocoa solids, fats like cocoa butter, and sugar. Chocolate has become one of the most popular flavours in the world. Chocolate lovers are known as “chocoholics.”

Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí y Domènech, Marquis of Pubol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), was a Spanish (Catalan) surrealist painter. Some critics alleged Dalí was motiviated not by art but greediness, which led [leader of the surrealist movement, André] Breton to nickname him “Avida Dollars” (an anagram).

The Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 “Choral” is the last complete symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. By the time the composer began work on the symphony, he was completely deaf.

Toyota, and Toyota-produced Lexus and Scion automobiles, consistently rank at the top in certain quality and reliability surveys, primarily J.D. Power and Consumer Reports.

Monty Norman has been credited with writing the “James Bond Theme“, and has received royalties since 1962. For Dr. No, the song was orchestrated by John Barry who would later go on to compose the soundtrack for 11 future Bond films. Courts have ruled twice that the theme was written by Monty Norman despite claims and testimony by Barry that he had actually written the theme. Norman has consequently won two libel actions against publishers for claiming that Barry wrote the theme, most recently against The Sunday Times in 2001. It is generally acknowledged that Barry came up with the arrangement used in Dr. No.

“Milkshake” is a pop/R&B song written and produced by The Neptunes for American singer Kelis’s third studio album Tasty (2003). In 2006, CKE Restaurants used an edited version of the song during commercials for Hardee’s and Carl’s Jr. milkshakes. One version, called “Cow Shake Off”, features two men shaking two cows as though dancing to the music.

Carl’s Jr. is an American fast-food restaurant chain, located mostly on the Western half of the United States in Pacific, Mountain and West Coast regions. It is also in the process of expanding into Canada and Mexico. It was founded in 1941 by Carl N. Karcher, and is owned by CKE Restaurants, Inc.

A milkshake is a sweet, cold beverage which is made from milk, ice cream or iced milk, and sweet flavourings such as fruit syrup or chocolate sauce in Canada, most regions of the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom.

General Mills is a Fortune 500 corporation, mainly concerned with food products, which is headquartered in Golden Valley, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. The company markets such brands as Betty Crocker, Progresso, Yoplait, Old El Paso, and Pillsbury, as well as numerous well-known breakfast cereals.

Totino’s and Jeno’s are brands of frozen pizza owned by General Mills, which collectively are reportedly the best selling economy frozen pizza brands in the United States.

[Stan Freberg's Jeno's Pizza Rolls commercial is a] parody of a contemporary commercial for Lark cigarettes that used the William Tell Overture, here ending with a confrontation between a cigarette smoker (supposedly representing the Lark commercial’s announcer) and Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger over the use of the music.

In response to the backlash against McDonald’s, the firm has sought to include some healthy choices in its menu and has introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: “Not bad for a McJob”. (The word McJob, first attested in the mid-1980s and later popularized by Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland in his book Generation X, has become a buzz word for low paid, unskilled work with few prospects or benefits and little security). McDonald’s disputes the idea that its restaurant jobs have no prospects, noting that its CEO, Jim Skinner, started working at the company as a regular restaurant employee, and that 20 of its top 50 managers began work as regular crew members.

Victoria’s Secret is a retailer of lingerie, women’s clothing and beauty products. It is a segment of specialty retail business, Limited Brands with an operating income of US$958 million in 2006. Victoria’s Secret is well known for its fashion shows and catalogues, which feature top fashion models.

Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941) is a Grammy, Golden Globe and Academy Award-winning American singer-songwriter, author, musician, and poet who has been a major figure in popular music for five decades. Much of Dylan’s most notable work dates from the 1960s, when he became an informal documentarian and reluctant figurehead of American unrest. Some of his songs, such as “Blowin’ in the Wind” and “The Times They Are a-Changin’”, became anthems of the anti-war and civil rights movements.

Love Sick is a popular concert feature song, based around a simple, repeating organ riff. It was written and recorded for Bob Dylan’s acclaimed 1997 album Time Out of Mind.

This beer was put on the market in 1903 and is Miller Brewing‘s oldest brand. Miller High Life can be considered the forerunner of the modern American lager beers. High Life is grouped under the pilsner category of beers, although it has slightly less alcohol than European pilsners, at 4.7% ABV. The prevailing slogan on current packaging is “The Champagne of Beers”, which is an adaptation of its long standing slogan “The Champagne of Bottled Beers”. It was originally available in miniature champagne bottles and was one of the premier high end beers in the country for many years.

Humoradio was first published in 1936 as a Dutch language counterpart to Le Moustique. During World War II between 1940 and 1944 it was not published. In 1958, when television started to reach a larger audience, the magazine was renamed to Humo.

Mel Smith (born in Chiswick, London on 3 December 1952) is an English comedian, actor, film director, writer, and producer.

Oasis are an English rock band, formed in Manchester in 1991. Led by lead guitarist and primary songwriter Noel Gallagher and his younger brother, lead vocalist, songwriter [and wanker] Liam Gallagher, they are the most successful group to emerge during the Britpop movement of the mid-1990s.

Starbucks Corporation is a coffeehouse chain based in the United States. Named after a character in the novel Moby Dick, it is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 7521 self-operated and 5647 licensed stores in 39 countries.

In 2004, a Starbucks television commercial debuted for their Double Shot espresso beverage. It featured the band Survivor following a man named Glen, singing a modified version of “Eye of the Tiger” while he did his day-to-day tasks. This commercial has gained a number of fans and was nominated for an Emmy Award.

“Eye of the Tiger” is a song performed by the American rock group Survivor. It was released on January 1, 1982 and was written at the request of Sylvester Stallone for the film Rocky III. The song became a popular sporting event anthem, especially in boxing, and was for a short time the entrance theme for professional wrestler Hulk Hogan, who also appeared in Rocky III.

Pizza Hut is a restaurant chain and international franchise based in Addison, Texas, USA (a northern suburb of Dallas) specializing in American-style pizza along with side dishes including (depending on location) buffalo wings, breadsticks, and garlic bread. Pizza Hut is the world’s largest pizza restaurant chain and is part of the YUM! group of restaurants.

Richard Starkey, MBE (born 7 July 1940), known by his stage name Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer and actor, best known as the drummer of The Beatles. In the mid-1990s, Starr appeared in an advertisement for Pizza Hut, pronouncing that the time is ripe for ‘the lads’ to get back together. At the commercial’s pay-off, he is joined by three members of the Monkees and quips to the camera, “Wrong lads.”

The Monkees were a pop-rock quartet created and based in Los Angeles in 1965 for an NBC American television series of the same name. The show, which ran from 1966 to 1968, helped make them one of the 1960s’ most popular music acts. The Monkees disbanded in 1970, but several reunions and semi-reunions have since taken place. The Monkees last worked together in 2001.

A&W is a Canadian fast food restaurant chain. It was originally part of the American A&W chain, but was sold to and operated separately by Unilever and no longer has any connection to the American A&W. The chain is now owned and operated by A&W Food Services of Canada Inc., based in North Vancouver, British Columbia.

Cream soda is a sweet carbonated soft drink. It varies from country to country, but its most usual property is its vanilla flavoring. Its name originated, at least in the United Kingdom, from “ice cream soda” as it was traditionally served with a dollop of ice cream floating in it.

A glass harp is an instrument made of wine glasses.

Gap‘s promotion strategy has been blamed for the company’s bust. Due to lack of a clear message, it has been alleged that Gap has lost contact with its core customers which the company is attempting to win back.

In 2006, [Spike Jonze] was nominated by the Director’s Guild of America for “Outstanding Achievement in Commercials in 2005.” He was nominated for a body of work that included “Hello Tomorrow” for Adidas, “Penguin” for Miller Beer, and “Pardon Our Dust” for The Gap.

In the Hall of the Mountain King (Norwegian: I Dovregubbens hall) is a piece of orchestral music, Opus 23, composed by Edvard Grieg for Henrik Ibsen’s play Peer Gynt, which premiered in Oslo on February 24, 1876. (It was later extracted as the final piece of Peer Gynt, Suite No. 1, Op. 46.) Although a performance of the full piece runs to only two minutes, it has attained iconic status in popular culture and is easily recognized, though not, perhaps, by name.

Nestlé Purina PetCare Company announced on March 30, 2007 a precautionary measure to voluntarily withdraw its 5.3 ounce Mighty Dog brand pouch products that were produced by Menu Foods, Inc. from December 3, 2006 through March 14, 2007. This withdrawal was in response to the recall initiated earlier by Menu Foods, a contract manufacturer that does limited business with Purina as well as with other pet food manufacturers. At that time, only Mighty Dog 5.3 ounce pouch products are being withdrawn by Nestlé Purina; however, on March 31, 2007, the recall was expanded to “all sizes and varieties of its Alpo Prime Cuts in Gravy wet dog food with specific date codes.” To date, nearly 60 million containers of pet food sold under 100 different brand labels have been recalled.

Thomas Alan Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer, and actor. Waits has a distinctive voice, described by one critic as sounding “like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months and then taken outside and run over with a car.”

Waits has steadfastly refused to allow the use of his songs in commercials and has joked about other artists who do. (“If Michael Jackson wants to work for Pepsi, why doesn’t he just get himself a suit and an office in their headquarters and be done with it.”) He has filed several lawsuits against advertisers who used his material without permission. He has been quoted, “Apparently the highest compliment our culture grants artists nowadays is to be in an ad — ideally naked and purring on the hood of a new car,” he said in a statement, referring to Mercury-Lincoln’s “Cougar” automobile. “I have adamantly and repeatedly refused this dubious honor.”

Jimmy Dean (b. Jimmy Ray Dean August 10, 1928, in Plainview, Texas) is an American country music singer, actor, and businessman. Although most people know him today as the founder of the food company Jimmy Dean Food Company, he actually started off his career as a Country Music singer back in the 1960s, scoring big country crossover hits like “Big Bad John”.

Fritos® is the name of a brand of corn chips made by Frito-Lay. Elmer Doolin was so taken with the bag of corn chips served with his lunch in San Antonio, Texas that he paid $100 for the recipe. In 1932 he started the Frito Corporation.

["Aba Daba Honeymoon"] was written in 1914 by Arthur Fields and Walter Donovan and published the same year. The first recording was made the same year, by Collins & Harlan. In the late 1970′s and early 1980′s, Fritos Corn Chips used the tune as the melody of their commercial jingle “Muncha buncha, muncha buncha, muncha buncha, muncha buncha, Fritos goes with lunch”.

Gap, Incorporated is an American clothing and accessories retailer based in San Francisco, California and founded in 1969 by Donald Fisher and Doris Fisher. The Fishers opened their first shop because they had been frustrated with the lack of decent customer service and fashionable styles at other retailers. The name was derived from the growing differences between children and adults — namely “the generation gap” — which reached its peak with the hippie movement.

Michel Gondry, born May 8, 1963 (1964 according to some sources), is a French Academy Award winning screenwriter, film, commercial, and music video director noted for his inventive visual style and manipulation of mise en scène.

The Brian Setzer Orchestra (sometimes going by the acronym BSO) is a swing/rockabilly band formed in 1990 by Stray Cats frontman Brian Setzer. The group had success covering Louis Prima’s “Jump Jive An’ Wail”.

Rice Krispies (called Rice Bubbles in Australia) is a brand of breakfast cereal that has been produced by Kellogg’s since 1928. They are made of rice grain which is cooked, dried and toasted. These kernels bubble and rise in a manner which forms very thin walls. When the cereal is exposed to milk or juices, these walls tend to collapse suddenly, creating the famous “Snap, crackle and pop” sounds. This is in contrast to puffed rice, which was introduced in 1904.

Snap, Crackle and Pop! are the cartoon mascots of Kellogg’s breakfast cereal Rice Krispies (Rice Bubbles in Australia).

Napster, LLC (formerly Roxio, Inc.) is an online music provider offering a variety of purchase and subscription models. Their a la carte sales have been modest compared to their most significant competitor (Apple Inc.’s iTunes Store). The company’s name and logo are derived from the infamously free Napster peer-to-peer file trading service, which was shut down after a series of legal actions taken by the RIAA. The brand name was later purchased by Roxio, to capitalize on the notoriety and popularity of the former service.

A striptease or exotic dance is a form of erotic entertainment, usually a dance, in which the performer, known as a ‘stripper’, gradually undresses to music.

“Sunshine of Your Love” is a song by the British supergroup Cream, released on the Disraeli Gears album. It was Cream’s best-selling song and Atlantic Records’ best-selling to date as well. It features an immediately recognisable guitar/bass guitar riff (even to those who have never heard the song in its entirety) and an acclaimed guitar solo from Eric Clapton. It was written by bassist Jack Bruce, Pete Brown, and Clapton.

ESL (English as a second language), ESOL (English for speakers of other languages) and EFL (English as a foreign language) all refer to the use or study of English by speakers of other languages. The precise usage, including the different use of the terms ESL and ESOL in different countries, is described below. These terms are most commonly used in relation to teaching and learning English, but they may also be used in relation to demographic information.

The Outhere Brothers is a rap duo, consisting of lyricist Craig “Malik” Simpkins and producer/remixer Lamar “Hula” Mahone. They are primarily known for their hits “Don’t Stop (Wiggle Wiggle)”, “Fuk U In The Ass”, “Boom Boom Boom” and “La De da de de de (We Like To Party)” from 1998′s “The Other Side”.

Gitanes is a brand of French cigarettes. It is currently owned by Altadis. Originally rolled with darker or brun tobacco, in contrast to USA ‘blondes’. Available with or without filter. The name Gitanes means “gypsy women”, and as such, a silhouette of a Spanish gypsy woman with tambourine appears as the box-art.

Current research indicates that the factor with the greatest impact on risk of lung cancer is long-term exposure to inhaled carcinogens. The most common means of such exposure is tobacco smoke.

Flamenco is one of the great European non-academic musical genres. More than simply a type of folk music, flamenco embodies a complex musical and cultural tradition. Although considered part of the culture of Spain in general, flamenco actually originates from one region —Andalusia. However, other areas, mainly Extremadura and Murcia, have contributed to the development of several flamenco musical forms, and a great number of outstanding flamenco artists have been born in other territories of the state. There are many questions remaining about the roots of flamenco, but it is generally acknowledged that flamenco grew out of the unique interplay of native Andalusian, Islamic, Sephardic, and Gypsy cultures that existed in Andalusia prior to and after the Reconquest.